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| c. 1450 |
| | The caravel, a sailing ship developed in the Mediterranean and used down the west coast of Africa, is adapted by the Portuguese for Atlantic use | |
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| 1466 |
| | The Portuguese settlers on the Cape Verde islands are granted a monopoly on the new slave trade | |
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| c. 1480 |
| | An increase in trade through the central Sahara benefits the Songhay, with their capital at Gao, at the expense of Mali | |
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| 1483 |
| | The Portuguese establish a further presence on the west coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Congo river | |
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| 1492 |
| | A French privateer off the west coast of Ghana is the first to plunder a Portuguese vessel carrying home African gold | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | The people of Benin begin a lasting tradition of sculpture in brass, melted down from objects brought by traders | |
| | Nigerian Bronze Head, 16th century British Museum
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| 1517 |
| | The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east | |
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| from 1517 |
| | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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| c. 1550 |
| | Africans, bought in the Portuguese trading posts of west Africa, are shipped across the Atlantic as slaves | |
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| c. 1570 |
| | The Ashanti establish a powerful kingdom in present-day Ghana, with their capital at Kumasi | |
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